Ось «Мозг-иммунитет-кишечник»: Переосмысление нейродегенеративных заболеваний с точки зрения иммунологии, микробиома и питания

Авторы

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53498/30zqfj62

Ключевые слова:

иммунитет, кишечник, микробиом, мозг, нейродегенеративные заболевания

Аннотация

Нейродегенеративные заболевания, ранее рассматривавшиеся преимущественно как нарушения сворачивания белков и гибель нейронов, все чаще признаются системными иммунометаболическими синдромами. Традиционное представление о головном мозге как об органе с иммунопривилегированным статусом было опровергнуто открытиями глифатического клиренса, менингеальной лимфатической системы и прямых нейроиммунных интерфейсов, которые интегрируют центральный и периферический иммунитет. В головном мозге микроглия выступает как в роли защитников, так и в роли движущих сил патологии. А генетические факторы риска, такие как APOE4 и TREM2, связывают дисфункцию врожденного иммунитета с болезнью Альцгеймера и связанными с ней деменциями. За пределами ЦНС лимфоидная ткань, ассоциированная с кишечником и микробиомом, играют ключевую роль в регуляции иммунного тонуса посредством микробных метаболитов, трансформаций желчных кислот и вагусных нейронных цепей. Старение еще больше усиливает эту уязвимость, ускоряя иммуностарение и «воспалительное старение», что снижает синаптическую устойчивость. Диета и питание выступают в качестве программируемых рычагов в рамках оси «Мозг-иммунитет-кишечник»: пищевые волокна, полифенолы и Омега-3 жирные кислоты способствуют иммунной толерантности и нейропротекции, тогда как диеты, способствующие ожирению, усугубляют нейровоспаление. Новые методы лечения — от вмешательств, направленных на микробиом, агонистов рецепторов GLP-1 до биоэлектронной нейромодуляции и стратегий омоложения иммунитета — подчеркивают потенциал применения этой парадигмы на практике. В этом обзоре обобщаются данные, позиционирующие ось «Мозг-иммунитет-кишечник» как центрального фактора нейродегенеративных заболеваний, и подчеркивается, как иммунная регуляция, микробная экология и диетические факторы могут быть использованы для профилактики и лечения.

Биография автора

  • Шарман А.Т., Академия профилактической медицины

    PhD

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Опубликован

17.12.2025

Выпуск

Volume 78, Number 4, 2025

Раздел

Статьи